§ 3.3. Доконані часи (Perfect Tenses)

Часи групи Perfect виражають дію, що відбулася до певного моменту або періоду в теперішньому (the Present Perfect), минулому (the Past Perfect) чи майбутньому (the Future Perfect) часах.

Доконані часи зазвичай виражають наявність якогось результату дії, зв'язок її з наступними подіями.

Доконані часи утворюються з допоміжного дієслова to have у відповідній часовій формі і дієприкметника минулого часу (the Past Participle) основного дієслова.

The Past Participle правильних дієслів збігається з формою Past Indefinite, a the Past Participle неправильних дієслів потрібно запам'ятати.

Стверджувальна	Питальна	Заперечна
I have worked.	Have I worked?	I have not (haven't) worked.
You have worked.	Have you worked?	You have not (haven't) worked.
He has worked.	Has he worked?	He has not (hasn't) worked.
She has worked.	Has she worked?	She has not (hasn't) worked.
It has worked.	Has it worked?	It has not (hasn't) worked.
We have worked.	Have we worked?	We have not (haven't) worked.
You have worked.	Have you worked?	You have not (haven't) worked.
They have worked.	Have they worked?	They have not (haven't) worked.

1. Стверджувальна форма the Present Perfect утворюється з допоміжного дієслова have (для третьої особи однини — has) і the Past Participle основного дієслова:

І have already closed the window. — Я вже зачинив вікно.

Не has just arrived from the Crimea. — Він щойно приїхав з Криму.

2. The Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, яка відбулася в минулому, але пов'язана результатом з теперішнім, тобто з моментом мовлення:

І have read the book up to the end. — Я прочитав книжку до кінця (результат — книжка прочитана).

3. The Present Perfect означає дію, яка відбулася протягом певного часу, який ще не закінчився.

4. The Present Perfect вживається:

а) коли є результат на певний теперішній час:

I have seen him. — Я бачив його.

б) коли є такі обставини часу, як today, this week, this year (month):

I have met him today. — Я зустрів його сьогодні.

в) коли вживаються прислівники неозначеного часу: ever (коли-небудь), never (ніколи), just (тільки що), not yet (ще ні), already (вже) і т.ін.:

I have never been to Britain. — Я ніколи не був у Британії.

Не has already seen this film. — Він вже бачив цей фільм.

г) the Present Perfect вживається зі словами for і since:

We have known each other for many years. — Ми знаємо один одного багато років.

We have known each other since 1990. —Ми знаємо один одного з 1990 року.

5. У розмовній мові вживаються такі скорочені форми:

I've worked;

She's worked

You haven't worked;

He hasn't worked

Порівняйте:

The Present Perfect	The Past Indefinite
I haven't spoken to her for two months. — Я не розмовляв з нею два місяці.	І didn't speak to her yesterday. — Я не розмовляв з нею вчора.
Не has never been to Washington. — Він ніколи не був у Вашингтоні.	Не was in Washington 2 years ago. — Він був у Вашингтоні 2 роки тому.

Стверджувальна	Питальна	Заперечна
I have been working.	Have I been working?	I have not been working.
You have been working.	Have you been working?	You have not been working.
He has been working.	Has he been working?	He has not been working.
She has been working.	Has she been working?	She has not been working.
It has been working.	Has it been working?	It has not been working.
We have been working.	Have we been working?	We have not been working.
You have been working.	Have you been working?	You have not been working.
They have been working.	Have they been working?	They have not been working.

1. The Present Perfect Continuous утворюється з допоміжної групи з дієслова to be (have been / has been) і IV форми основного дієслова.

2. The Present Perfect Continuous означає дію, яка почалася в минулому і продовжується або закінчилася в момент мовлення.

3. The Present Perfect Continuous не вживається:

а) з дієсловами: to know, to understand, to love, to hate, to like, to dislike, тощо;

I have known him all my life. — Я знаю його все моє життя.

б) з одноразовими діями:

Не has written only once since he left. — Він написав тільки один раз з тих пір, як поїхав.

4. The Present Perfect Continuous вживається, коли є такі позначення часу, як: for some time, since a certain moment, since smb. did smth.:

I have been working here for twenty years. — Я працюю тут двадцять років.

She has been teaching German since she graduated from the University. — Вона викладає німецьку мову з тих пір, як закінчила університет.

5. У розмовній мові вживаються такі самі скорочені форми, як у the Present Perfect, наприклад:

I've been working.

He's been working.

We haven't been working.

She hasn't been working.

Порівняйте:

The Present Perfect Continuous	The Present Perfect
I have been doing my homework for 2 hours. — Я виконую домашнє завдання дві години.	I have already done my homework. — Я вже виконав домашнє завдання.
She has been learning many German words. — Вона вчить багато німецьких слів.	She has learned many German words this week. — Вона вивчила багато німецьких слів цього тижня.

Стверджувальна	Питальна	Заперечна
I had worked.	Had I worked?	I had not (hadn't) worked.
You had worked.	Had you. worked?	You had not (hadn't) worked.
He had worked.	Had he worked?	He had not (hadn't) worked.
She had worked.	Had she worked?	She had not (hadn't) worked.
It had worked.	Had it worked?	It had not (hadn't) worked.
We had worked.	Had we worked?	We had, not (hadn't) worked.
You had worked.	Had you worked?	You had not (hadn't) worked.
They had worked.	Had they worked?	They had not (hadn't) worked.

1. The Past Perfect утворюється з допоміжного had і the Past Participle основного дієслова:

I had read the article by 5 o'clock. — Я (вже) прочитав статтю до п'ятої години.

І had written the letter when he came in. — Я (вже) написав листа, коли він увійшов.

2. The Past Perfect вживається для вираження минулої дії, яка вже відбулася до певного моменту або іншої дії в минулому. Цей момент може позначатися такими словосполученнями: by five o'clock do п'ятої години, by Sunday до неділі, by that time до того часу, by the first of October до першого жовтня тощо.

I had done it by that time. — Я зробив це до того часу.

When he came I had already done the exercise. — Коли він прийшов, я вже зробив вправу.

3. У розмовній мові вживаються скорочені форми:

I'd worked.

He hadn't worked.

Стверджувальна	Питальна	Заперечна
I had been working.	Had I been working?	I had not (hadn't) been working.
You had been working.	Had you been working?	You had not (hadn't) been working.
He had been working.	Had he been working?	He had not (hadn't) been working.
She had been working.	Had she been working?	She had not (hadn't) been working.
It had been working.	Had it been working?	It had not (hadn't) been working.
We had been working.	Had we been working?	We had not (hadn't) been working.
You had been working.	Had you been working?	You had not (hadn't) been working.
They had been working.	Had they been working?	They had not (hadn't) been working.

1. The Past Perfect Continuous утворюється з допоміжного комплекса з дієсловом had been і IV форми основного дієслова.

2. The Past Perfect Continuous означає дію або серію дій, які почалися до певного моменту в минулому і продовжуються або щойно закінчилися в той момент.

3. Момент у минулому може бути виражений такими прислівниками, як: by that time, by the end of the year, by five o'clock, підрядними реченнями часу (when he came, by the time we came):

By the time he came we had been working for two hours. — До того часу, коли він прийшов, ми працювали дві години.

4. У розмовній мові вживаються такі самі скорочені форми, як у the Past Perfect, наприклад:

I'd been working. She hadn't been working.

Стверджувальна	Питальна	Заперечна
I will (shall) have worked.	Will (Shall) I have worked?	I won't (shan't) have worked.
You will have worked.	Will you have worked?	You won't have worked.
He will have worked.	Will he have worked?	He won't have worked.
She will have worked.	Will she have worked?	She won't have worked.
It will have worked.	Will it have worked?	It won't have worked.
We will (shall) have worked.	Will (Shall) we have worked?	We won't (shan't) have worked.
You will have worked.	Will you have worked?	You won't have worked.
They will have worked.	Will they have worked?	They won't have worked.

1. The Future Perfect утворюється з допоміжного комплекса з дієсловом have (will have) і III форми основного дієслова. Цей час вживається не дуже часто.

2. The Future Perfect означає дію, яка закінчиться до певного моменту в майбутньому. Цей момент може бути виражений такими позначеннями часу, як: by this (that) time, by six o'clock, by the time he comes, by the evening, by the end of the week (month, year), before somebody comes і т. ін.:

I shall have read the text by 11 o'clock. — Я прочитаю текст до одинадцятої години.

By this time next year I shall have passed my final examinations. — До цього часу в наступному році я складу свої випускні іспити.

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